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In mathematics, Dirichlet's unit theorem is a basic result in algebraic number theory due to Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet. It determines the rank of the group of units in the ring ''O''''K'' of algebraic integers of a number field ''K''. The regulator is a positive real number that determines how "dense" the units are. The statement is that the group of units is finitely generated and has rank (maximal number of multiplicatively independent elements) equal to :''r'' = ''r''1 + ''r''2 − 1 where ''r''1 is the ''number of real embeddings'' and ''r''2 the ''number of conjugate pairs of complex embeddings'' of ''K''. This characterisation of ''r''1 and ''r''2 is based on the idea that there will be as many ways to embed ''K'' in the complex number field as the degree ''n'' = (: Q ); these will either be into the real numbers, or pairs of embeddings related by complex conjugation, so that :''n'' = ''r''1 + 2''r''2. Note that if ''K'' is Galois over Q then either ''r''1 is non-zero or ''r''2 is non-zero, but not both. Other ways of determining ''r''1 and ''r''2 are * use the primitive element theorem to write ''K'' = Q(α), and then ''r''1 is the number of conjugates of α that are real, 2''r''2 the number that are complex; * write the tensor product of fields ''K'' ⊗QR as a product of fields, there being ''r''1 copies of R and ''r''2 copies of C. As an example, if ''K'' is a quadratic field, the rank is 1 if it is a real quadratic field, and 0 if an imaginary quadratic field. The theory for real quadratic fields is essentially the theory of Pell's equation. The rank is > 0 for all number fields besides Q and imaginary quadratic fields, which have rank 0. The 'size' of the units is measured in general by a determinant called the regulator. In principle a basis for the units can be effectively computed; in practice the calculations are quite involved when ''n'' is large. The torsion in the group of units is the set of all roots of unity of ''K'', which form a finite cyclic group. For a number field with at least one real embedding the torsion must therefore be only . There are number fields, for example most imaginary quadratic fields, having no real embeddings which also have for the torsion of its unit group. Totally real fields are special with respect to units. If ''L/K'' is a finite extension of number fields with degree greater than 1 and the units groups for the integers of ''L'' and ''K'' have the same rank then ''K'' is totally real and ''L'' is a totally complex quadratic extension. The converse holds too. (An example is ''K'' equal to the rationals and ''L'' equal to an imaginary quadratic field; both have unit rank 0.) The theorem does not only applies to the maximal order but to any order .〔(PDF (Theorem 5.13) )〕 There is a generalisation of the unit theorem by Helmut Hasse (and later Claude Chevalley) to describe the structure of the group of ''S-units'', determining the rank of the unit group in localizations of rings of integers. Also, the Galois module structure of has been determined. ==The regulator== Suppose that ''u''1,...,''u''r are a set of generators for the unit group modulo roots of unity. If ''u'' is an algebraic number, write ''u''1, ..., ''u''''r+1'' for the different embeddings into R or C, and set ''N''''j'' to 1, resp. 2 if corresponding embedding is real, resp. complex. Then the ''r'' by ''r'' + 1 matrix whose entries are has the property that the sum of any row is zero (because all units have norm 1, and the log of the norm is the sum of the entries of a row). This implies that the absolute value ''R'' of the determinant of the submatrix formed by deleting one column is independent of the column. The number ''R'' is called the regulator of the algebraic number field (it does not depend on the choice of generators ''u''i). It measures the "density" of the units: if the regulator is small, this means that there are "lots" of units. The regulator has the following geometric interpretation. The map taking a unit ''u'' to the vector with entries has image in the ''r''-dimensional subspace of R''r''+1 consisting of all vector whose entries have sum 0, and by Dirichlet's unit theorem the image is a lattice in this subspace. The volume of a fundamental domain of this lattice is ''R''√(''r''+1). The regulator of an algebraic number field of degree greater than 2 is usually quite cumbersome to calculate, though there are now computer algebra packages that can do it in many cases. It is usually much easier to calculate the product ''hR'' of the class number ''h'' and the regulator using the class number formula, and the main difficulty in calculating the class number of an algebraic number field is usually the calculation of the regulator. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dirichlet's unit theorem」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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